დისკრიმინაცია და ადამიანის უფლებები

,,Discrimination and Human Rights The Case of Racism’’ is a collection of articles by different authors, which is edited by Sandra Fredman. The book was published in 2001 by ,,Oxford University Press’’. It consists of 8 chapters. Here are discussed discrimination, its types and meaning. Here is reviewed racism and international measures against it, which is followed by a critical examination of the newly developed race discrimination directive at the EU level.
I translated two chapters of the book (the 2nd and the 3rd (I, II), which are divided into sub-chapters. In each chapter there are examined different cases, which are connected with the violation human rights.
The 2nd chapter examines the nature of racism and its consequences. Racism is about relationships of domination and subordination, about hatred of ,,other’’ in defense of ,,self’’. As Sandra Fredman thinks, racism can operate along at least three axes: first, that of denigratory stereotyping, hatred and violence. Secondly, that of a cycle of disadvantage. Thirdly, the negation and obliteration of culture, religion or language. The author discusses conceptions of equality. In her opinion equality as an ideal is a relatively modern notion. She examines each notion of equality. Sandra Fredman explains the direct and indirect discriminations. In the last part the attention is paid to the equality as a human right. S. Fredman discusses when a state has a right to differentiate between groups.
In the first part of the 3rd chapter Dimitrina Petrova talks about the racist consensus and its disguises. Every society is racist to some degree. The acknowledgement of racism is the prerequisite of its overcoming. As she thinks, there can be different grades of consciousness and awareness of racism. Petrova presents different types of denial of racism. The author examines the racial discrimination as the social practice of racism. Racial discrimination is understood in human rights law as the violation of human rights. In the second part there are examined racial discrimination and group rights. Group rights are those that are irreducible to the sum of the rights of the respective group members. Group rights are those rights which a group member cannot claim alone.