The sorption of Pb (II) ions from an aqueous solution of lead nitrate on carbon sorbents, obtained from waste based on cellulose-containing materials, was studied. Particularly, among studied carbons [hazel nutshell, walnut shell, sawdust, activated carbon (fraction size—40 μ)] material obtained from walnut shell shows the best adsorptive properties. The possibility of their use for the purification of drinking and waste waters contaminated with lead ions is established. The maximum amount of lead that can be bound by 1 g of sorbent is 154.0 mg/g, while 95% of metal ions are bound within 30–40 min.

Theoretical calculation of rate constant of adsorption of polyatomic particles on the surface of amorphous solid is carried out in this work. Calculation is conducted within the frames of quantum theory. The question of the characteristics (geometric parameters and frequencies of intramolecular vibrations) of polyatomic polarizable adsorbing particles in polar medium is considered. Calculations are carried out taking into account the interaction of intramolecular vibrations of the particle with polarization fluctuations of the medium. The proposed scheme of calculations allows taking into account the effects of frequency and spatial dispersion of amorphous solid. Events of physical and chemical adsorption are considered.

Theoretical aspects of using the modern opportunities of nanotechnology for creation of new type sensors for determination of lowest concentration radiation sources are under consideration. Taking into account abilities of modern high sensitive facilities for analytical signals registration, are suggested sensors based on changing of electroconductivity of the system while the adsorption of impurity particle on the semiconductor electrode under the radiation influence. It is recommended to use such sensors for determination of radioactive substances in biological liquids and in water ecosystems. The Green function technique makes possible to analyze the kinetics of the elementary act of charge transfer processes in detail. Analytical expressions for kinetic parameters of charge transfer processes in such systems are obtained.

Problem of fixing radiation sources occurs in case of environmental contamination by radionuclides. Because of low concentrations their detection is connected with difficulties. At the same time, long-term exposure of radiation sources, even at their low concentration, brings to essential changes in biological processes. Possibilities of modern technical registration facilities may be used during investigation radiation sources, when their concentration is low. For example, very weak luminescence, virtually single photons may be registered in optical range. Concentration of radionuclides in liquid media may be increased with the help of synthetic or natural adsorbents. Application of optical methods of registration allows using sensors, based on registration of the photons. The processes passing in investigated system can be divided in two groups. First group - charge transfer and phototransfer processes in condensed medium between the particles and between electrode and particle. Second group - processes of electron excitation of separated particles, electron excitation energy transfer between the particles in condensed medium. Analytical expressions for rate constant and kinetic parameters of charge transfer processes and electron excitation transfer processes between impurity particles are obtained. A dipole moment of transfer may be calculated when known distribution function of reagents and transfer interval being rather substantial during investigation of complicated systems can be evaluated. This work is continuation of the works carried out in frames of international project GR 77. Theoretical and experimental investigations of some types of nano-sensors for biological objects were conducted in these works. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.