We present new archaeointensity data from Georgia from ca. 3000 BCE to 1500 CE. Forty-eight potsherds and fired clays were subjected to Thellier-type paleointensity experiment using the IZZI protocol (Tauxe and Staudigel, 2004) with routine pTRM check. We observed an excellent agreement between samples collected from the same site, supporting the precision of the paleointensity working methodology. The new archeointensity data obtained in this study clarify some issue regarding the high variability period in Georgia. The results show a significantly high field maximum at 900 BCE, with VADM of about 160 ZAm2, bounded by two low field minima around 1250 BCE and 400 BCE, with VADM of less than 60 ZAm2.

This article describes and discusses a series of archaeological sites. All the sites contain an ancient enclosure built using clearly pre-medieval masonries, inside of which a number of churches have been built. The dates of these fortified structures, usually improperly defined as built using “cyclopean technique”, cannot be established without archaeological excavations. Recent attempts have been made to establish functional continuity between the ancient enclosures and the churches inside them. The goal of this text is to present and discuss these interesting sites and analyse the available data relating to the function of these structures from a diachronic perspective.

In his biblical hermeneutics, Origen emphasizes the polysemic character of the biblical word. To explain this phenomenon in an analytic way he appeals to the concept of homonyma. This term, deriving from philosophical tradition, is substantially re-conceptualized by Origen, in a way that corresponds to the constitution of his biblical hermeneutics. His use does not coincide either with the logical understanding of homonymy by Aristotle or with Plato’s idea of the homonymous nomination of a physical phenomenon and its metaphysical idea. Homonyma in Origen’s theory of biblical interpretation denotes the paradoxical relation that a linguistic designator of sensible matter has with its spiritual content; this relation is to be considered from the angle of dialectical ontology. The explicative and epistemological function of equivocation in Origen’s hermeneutics involves the thought shifting between the poles of difference and similarity. Another special characteristic of Origen’s use of homonymy is that it designates only one of the members of the homonymous pair, with the other one – usually radically different from it – only implied. In this case the homonymy of biblical articulation appears in the form of a mystical metaphor. On the linguistic level the homonymy of biblical language reflects the Apostle Paul’s dichotomic division of the outer and inner man, which is the anthropological basis of Origen’s hermeneutics.

We present a reconnaissance archaeomagnetic study carried out on archaeological samples from the archaeological site of Grakliani (Georgia). Samples were taken from 10 combustion structures (ovens and possible altars). In addition, we analyzed some pottery fragments with a good age control. Both pottery fragments and samples from combustion structures, yielded an age interval that ranges between XII BC and I BC, so that the present study covers a wide period of time for which few archaeomagnetic data are available in Caucasus. We performed rock-magnetic analyses, directional studies (thermal and stepwise alternating field demagnetizations) and archaeointensity experiments using the Thellier-IZZI protocol. Rock magnetic analyses included measurement of IRM acquisition curves, hysteresis loops, backfield curves and high temperature, continuous thermomagnetic curves. The main magnetic carrier is pseudosingle domain Ti-poor titanomagnetite. So far, we have obtained a mean direction for nine combustion structure and acceptable archaeointensity results for five sites together with three pottery fragments of different ages.

This study examines the influence (effects) of export diversification in economic growth across post-soviet countries. In a sample of seven countries for the period 1997-2019 the dynamic panel estimation reveals that export diversification is important determinant of economic growth, Estimating the impacts of other variables are also important. These variables are: lagged growth, trade openness, investment, Education, Agriculture/GDP ratio, Manufacturing/GDP ratio, Services/GDP ratio, Population growth. It is found that countries with more diversified exports generally experienced faster economic growth. Results of the study indicates that export diversification has an influence on economic growth. A positive relation between export diversification and growth is established and it suggests that countries with a higher rate of export diversification (less concentration) experience a higher rate of economic growth. Moreover, the results show both export diversification and export growth are robust determinants of growth rates while trade openness is not robust. This suggests that for countries striving to achieve economic growth, export diversification should go along with the growth of its exports

The City of Phasis is located on the East coast of the Black Sea (Georgia). The location of the biggest and most successful of the colonies established by Ionian Greeks is still not known, a subject that has attracted interest from scholars for almost two hundred years. Based on written sources, geomorphological and archeological data, it is assumed that, due to tectonic and geomorphological changes, part of the ancient settlement/cultural layers dating back to the 1st mill. BC are below current sea level. These two changes mean that the present landscape is completely different to the 1st mill. BC situation. This observation is significant in resolving Phasis’s location. We report that: 1. The Greeks did not establish the city of Phasis adjacent to a lake. 2. The early city was located north of the river. 3. Early Phasis (6th-4th c. BC) is consistent with the settlement of Sagvichio or east of it.

This paper explores the notion of movement as expressed by the generic term kinesis and its grammatical and conceptual derivatives, which regularly occur in Gregory of Nyssa’s anthropology. Despite some investigations into the issue within the framework of careful research on Gregory’s thought, a more systematic examination of the concept in his anthropological doctrine remains a considerable desideratum. I would like to contribute a general sketch of such analysis. The doctrine as presented by Nyssen implies numerous elements of syncretic doctrine about man’s nature that were widely accepted in Late Antiquity. Nevertheless, through three structured topics for this research – 1) The cosmic motion in its relation to man; 2) The motion of body and soul in man; and 3) Spiritual ascent as a type of motion – I argue that the concept of motion in Nyssen’s anthropology has an authentic character as he rethinks the inherited philosophical ideas according to the biblical model of the relation between universe, man and God. The concept of man as the central creation and image of God results in Nyssen’s shifting the sensible universe with its rotation as an ideal form of motion in Greek philosophy from the central position it had to the background, replacing it by the phenomenon of man. Although the sensible cosmos ruled by the wisdom of God remains a paradigm for the ideal constellation of mind, affects and body in man, the highest type of motion – as St. Gregory recognizes in line with Platonic metaphysics – is spiritual motion. The distinctive feature fundamentally different from the Platonic stance is that St. Gregory (a) highlights the motif of the mystical movement to God, independent from and opposed to the cosmic cyclical harmony, and (b) interprets this spiritual process as an infinite qualitative ascent to the infinite God. Expressed in geometrical terms the concept in Nyssen’s epistemology can be traced by his giving precedence to straight line vertical motion before cyclical motion.

We are living in a world of advanced technology, and most learners are exposed to ICT-based classrooms, where technology integration in learning process serves as one of the hottest buzzwords in education all around the world. Nowadays, especially after the outbreak of COVID-19, technology integration has become not only a recommended, but also an inevitable way of running any academic process, including English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The presented article is an attempt to once more emphasize the importance of integrating technologies in teaching ESP in at the level of tertiary education in Georgia for effective usage of authentic materials – TED Talks, Live stream, etc. – in the classroom, particularly while teaching ESP, and to prove its significance on the basis of the survey whose respondent were ESP specialists. A conclusion had been made that the application of ICT in teaching / learning ESP is the most contemporary approach, which increases student motivation, engagement, autonomy, and language skills level. This happened due to the authentic nature of materials. The article recommends to increase the ICT use in ESP classes, to make them more various by materials and methods of teaching

The multilayer archaeological site Grakliani hill is located in one of the main contact zones of Transcaucasia. It shows a very intensive level of communication with other cultures from the 2nd millenium BC till the 3rd century BC and a high level of development of Kartli (Iberia Caucasica) society. Two inscriptions made in unknown script (probably a local version of Aramaic script) were discovered in a shrine of the 11th-9th centuries BC. A group of weights and tokens, also of the 11th-9th centuries BC was discovered in the excavations of Grakliani Hill and the satellite site of Tsina Gora. The Achaemenid period remains are also of special interest, including Greek style architecture details.

The requirements of the design and construction market in the context of a global pandemic era are fundamentally different from the usual picture of previous years. The economic crisis affected all sectors of the national economy In general, but one of the most important areas – tourism, should be especially noted, the income of which is an important and reliable source of budget replenishment, and the development of which was largely determined by the size and intensity of foreign tourist flows. Extraordinary measures were taken by the state to protect the population: The closure of the country's external gates, the quarantine regime, social distancing, etc. caused complete stagnation in this area; The suspension of the tourism activities has created many problems for employers and industry workers, operating companies and the budget. No effective ways to get out of the current crisis situation have yet been found, but there are alternative directions, the emergence of which is associated with pre-design multidisciplinary research and the preparation of the necessary feasibility studies based on the generalization of their results. One of these promising areas is a new understanding of the river factor in the historical development; In this respect, the Mtkvari River represents a significant spatial planning environment for the development of Tbilisi's tourism infrastructure. The article discusses the possibilities of using the banks of the river and its underwater space to create attractive tourist objects. The challenges of the circular economy determine the architectural and planning conditions and the composition of design and technical specifications for the construction of specific buildings and structures

The aim of this paper is to increase role of innovation and specification of its functions under the modern challenges, as the key factor for the sustainable political-economic and social development of countries, as well as the rational use of resources and sustainable environmental protection; As well as introducing new approaches as an opportunity to accelerate expanding the role of innovation. In the definition of economic space of innovation, the objectives of sustainable development are also considered, as the implementation of the requirements of sustainable development objectives necessarily has both a spatial dimension of action and the dimension of environmental impact as a result of human activity. This implies both qualitative and quantitative spatial dimensions and an integral combination. In such approaches, direct economic interests change and it becomes clear who can create the hidden forces of contrary action that oppose targeted positive action. At the same time, the set and agreed global standards of economic area will become an authentic tool to overcome such overt or covert opposite forces that have only a consumer attitude towards the economic space. In the paper, the increase of innovation utilization index is presented as a proportion to the growth of socio-economic and political development and inverse dimension to poverty and environmental imbalances. In addition, the leading role of innovation, socio-economic environment and sustainable economic development are discussed in the three-dimensional model of the systems’ life cycle.

This research article presents the market orientation of the dental organization and the marketing problems in this process. The research focus is primarily on the role of moral-ethical connection and therefore the model of connection between physician and patient is developed based on a pre-designed questionnaire. Segmentation in the dental market is studied and relevant business models are characterized. The chain of decision-making process in the dental market is discussed and strategic, administrative and operational solutions are given in relation to the management of the clinic. General value is influenced by the following marketing factors: psychological training of staff, psychological characteristics of the staff, interior of the clinic, level of service, patient satisfaction control system. The scientific article presents the SWOT analysis of the dental market and identifies the capabilities and possible threats of the organization. The focus is on collaborative learning between the clinic and the educational institution. The principle of patient orientation is set.

One can loosely say that Georgian ecclesiastical literature is a scion of eastern patristics. The history of its reception goes back to the early Byzantine period. Since that time the grand ‘eastern Christian miracle’ became an inherent part of Georgian cultural identity and, particularly, its literature. Two literary ways of adoption - translation and incorporation of Byzantine Christian thought in indigenous literature - were applied together. As far as the attitude towards Latin Christianity is concerned, it was ‘ambivalent’, varying according to cultural challenges. The present paper does not claim to provide a complete exposition of the subject. It only aims to show, by calling attention to the most illustrative evidence, how the Old Georgian literary processes resonated with Byzantine ecclesiastical literature. It concludes by offering a short account on the scholarly study of the Greek patristic legacy in Georgia.